QUESTION: Dear Tom, once again the traditional scientific community and the fitness community willhave to butt heads. I just read a news story on yahoo about a recent scientific studywhich debates diet vs. excercise when it comes to taking off the pounds. Basicallyit says the opposite of what you’re saying. You say lift weights, exercise more and burn more calories to lose weight.This study says that diet (caloric restriction) or exercise take off the pounds equally and that this”challenges many of the popular tenets of the multibillion dollar diet and fitness industry.” The study also said that building more muscle doesn’t help you lose weight either. I’d like to know what you think… Here is the link to the story:


http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070126/hl_nm/diet_exercise_dc

ravussin.jpg

ANSWER: It’s absolutely true that you can lose weight – at least short term – withany sufficient calorie deficit, whether created by reduction of food or by anincrease in exercise or a combination of both. Some people choose one or theother for a variety of reasons.

For example, I know some people who are wheelchair bound and I even know onequadriplegic. They have all lost weight only with dietary restriction, in somecases, because they had no other choice. I also know some people who were morbidlyobese and had serious orthopedic problems and health complications (making exercise difficult at first), who chose to get started only with dietaryrestriction, and they added the exercise later. They also lost weight.

But for able bodied people, I choose more exercise and more food (whilemaintaining the necessary deficit), rather than less food and little or noexercise, because I believe the former is far superior.

You’ll get all kinds of conflicting opinions on every aspect of fitness andweight management – not just from the layperson-targeted diet book bestsellersbut right from the scientific community itself.

But honestly, I think that the fact that we need to exercise – for health, quality of life AND forimproved body composition – is such a common sense and intuitive conclusion thatI find it almost comedic that there is any debate about it at all.

But I can explain why there is – and always will be – a debate:

It’s because the diet industry, as well as the magazines and the news media, thrive on novelty. Without “what’snew,” they have no story. Nobody wants yesterday’s news. People want to hear about some cutting edgenew revolutionary study… and they cross their fingers, and pray and hopethat THIS TIME, THIS will finally be the real magic bullet that actually works.

The industry and news media also thrive on being contrarian: If you REALLY want to get someone’sattention and/or really get under their skin, challenge their most cherished preconceivedbeliefs and notions about exercise, nutrition or anything else in life.

If an authoritative source suggests that you are doing it all wrong… then even if you look in themirror and see fabulous results, you will tend to doubt yourself and dismiss what you see with yourown eyes, which is proof of what works for you, and you’ll bite on the newer, morenovel baited hook, whether out of fear or even pure curiosity, abandoning whatwas already working for you!

This is why I keep harping on all my readers and clients about why you have tojudge your approach based on your results. Do more of whats working – even if it’s the opposite of what everyone else is doing. If what youredoing isnt working, then try something else… and whatever you’re doing, youd betterkeep the long run in mind, because lots of stuff that works in the short term is detrimental in the long term.

Best part: This formula works even if you’ve never read a scientific study in yourentire life! It’s simple observation of effects and their causes.

Inability to lose weight is not the epidemic — failure to keep our weight under controllong term is the epidemic and thats partly a result of quick fix thinking insteadof long term thinking.

The reasons for exercise go FAR beyond mere weight control. Even the Ravussin study quoted in today’s news story (Jour Clin Endocrin Metab, 2007), highlighted the importance of exercise for your health. They weren’t saying ‘don’t exercise’, they were questioning whether an exercise induced energy deficit is any diferent than a diet induced energy deficit in weight loss/body composition and body fat distribution. I read their paper and theyconcluded,

“Exercise plays an equivalent role to CR (caloric restriction) in terms of energy balance; however itcan also improve aerobic fitness which has other important cardiovascular andmetabolic implications.”

Also, there’s certainly no debate to speak of when we’re talking aboutbuilding and maintaining muscle. Calorie restriction without resistance training more easily results in losses of lean body mass. Lets see how much muscle you can build and what your body looks like by dieting without anytraining! Can you say, “skinny fat person?” People sometimes criticize bodybuilding and training only for vanity purposes, but let’s face it: Don’t we ALLwant to LOOK good as well as feel good and be healthy?

Countless studies demonstrate the impact of resistance training on our healthas well, short term and long term… From improved insulin sensitivity toincreased bone density to improved cardiosacular health to better mobility and quality of life as we age and even to improved psychologicalhealth, and the list goes on and on from there.

The scientists may be divided on the issue, but I think the majority of fitness experts who are down in the trenches, myself included, will tell you that the combination of both exercise andcaloric restriction is superior to a deficit that is created by food restrictionalone – not just for health but for weight loss and weight control.

Here’s a paper that says so quite specifically and directly disputes the findingsof the new Ravussin study:

Stiegler, Sports Medicine, 2006, 36(3):

“Exercise training is associated with an increase in energy expenditure, thuspromoting changes in body composition and bodyweight. The advantages of strengthtraining may have greater implications than initially proposed with respect todecreasing percentage body fat and sustaining FFM (fat free mass). Research to date suggests thatthe addition of exercise programmes to dietary restriction can promote morefavourable changes in body composition than diet or physical activity on its own.”

What about all the research that shows us how metabolism slows down with foodreduction, but increases with both resistance and cardio training? Sure, very lowcalorie diets may extend the lives of laboratory rats, but in humans, they can cause a lot of potential problems, some of which havealready been discussed in chapter 2 of my book Burn The Fat, Feed The Muscle(www.burnthefat.com) and in further detail at the www.burnthefatinnercircle.com sitein our recent discussions of hormones such as leptin. These problems are onlyexacerbated with lack of exercise.

And what about all the studies which show that exercise is critical for the longterm maintenance of weight losses? That is a HUGE point: Maintenance! did everybodyforget about that part? Most people are so caught up in quick results, they dontthink about the long term implications of their actions.

Heck, its EASY to lose weight FAST with severe calorie restriction – withlittle or no exercise… but is that really the smartest way to do it when youlook at the big picture?

take a look at this study, which alludes to agreement with ravussin regardingshort term diets, but also points to
the critical role of exercise in long termmaintenance:

How to maintain a healthy body weight”, Astrup, Int J Vitam Nutr res, 76:4, 2006″:

“whereas increasing daily physical activity and regular exercise does notsignificantly effect the rate of weight loss in the induction phase, it playsan important role in the weight maintenance phase due to an impact on dailyenergy expenditure and also to a direct enhancement of insulin sensitivity.”

And here are some others that suggest exercise + diet = better than diet alone forweight loss and especially for long term weight maintenance:

Saris, Int J Obes relat Metab Disord, 1998:

“Physical activity is a critical factor contributing to successful body weightregulation in lean and obese individuals. Physical activity facilitates weightmaintenance through direct energy expenditure and improved physical fitness.Metabolic effects on lipid mobilization and oxidation and morphological/biochemicalchanges in the muscle fiber, contribute to this successful regulation of body weight. ”

Saltzman, Nutr rev, 1995:

“The role of energy expenditure in energy regulation remains a subject ofcontinuing controversy. New data have emerged from studies conducted over thelast decade demonstrating that energy expenditure is a critical factorcontributing to successful energy regulation in normal individuals, as wellas to the disregulation of energy balance that characterizes obesity. Reducedenergy expenditure appears to facilitate weight gain in individuals susceptibleto obesity and also appears to reduce the extent of body energy loss duringundereating in both lean and obese individuals. “

Walberg, Sports Med, 1989:

“Treatments relying only on energy restriction commonly cause substantialloss of lean tissue…”

These are only a handful of studies and there are a lot more like them. HoweverI realize as well as anyone that you could easily spend days or weeks studyingand summarizing all the scientific literature, only to report back the followingconclusion as a result of all your trouble:

“Exercise might help improve weight loss results, but more research is needed.”

Wow. A lot of help that is. I’m glad to see all those research dollars and Universityresources going to such good use! I think certain members of the scientific community should grow some kahunas and make some definitive recommendations based on the existing data plusobservation of real world results.

I will:

I believe that the human body is the only machine on the face of the earth thatwears out and breaks down from not using it enough

I believe that much obesity and disease are a direct result of inactivity.

I believe that much of the deterioration that happens as you age is a directresult of a sedentary lifestyle and a loss of muscle

I believe that cardiovascular exercise + weight training + a calorie reductionis far superior for fat loss purposes than a calorie reduction alone, bothin the short and long term

I believe that dieting alone (calorie restriction) is a very short-sighted and incomplete approach to a multi-faceted problem, and it requires a complete change in one’s lifestyle habits to achieve long lasting results, including better health and better body composition

I believe that everyone who is able bodied should get some type of physicalactivity almost every single day

I believe that for optimum results in body composition improvement thatanyone who is healthy and physically able should get involved in weight training 3 days per week (sometimes more for athletes, etc)

I believe that for optimum results in body composition improvement, anyone who is healthy and physically ableshould perform at least 3 days per week of fairly vigorous cardiovascularexercise and they may increase their frequency, intensity and or durationof the exercise as their results dictate.

I believe that certain people should stop being so lazy, stop makingexcuses and get their butts moving! Use it or lose it! I believe that more people should stop taking their bodies for granted and start appreciating that those wheelchair bound individuals I mentioned earlierwould give anything to be able to run or ride a bike

One last point: This article on Yahoo news about Ravussin’s study and his conclusions do highlighta very important fact that I don’t want to dismiss:

What is most important in the end is the energy balance equation.This IS important!

Too many people keep looking for some kind of “diet magic” or “metabolic advantage” -whether in the form of a special diet technique, new-fangled exercise program or amagic fat burning pill – that will override the law of energy balance, but in the end, no matter how much you protest – it always, always, comes back down tocalories in vs calories out.

Gang, you can make this as incredibly complex as you want, and get horribly lostin nutritional biochemistry, exercise physiology, and piles of research papers, or you can just boil this wholeweight loss thing down into its essence:

You need a calorie deficit to lose weight…

This wasn’t necessarily a “bad” study, although certainly I’d like to see some researchers do the same type of study with intense cardio plus weight training. My main concerns about this story are:

(1) that people may misinterpret the findings as “permission” or even a “recommendation” not to exercise, and

(2) that if people in the diet/fitness industry start using studies like this as “ammo” for their”easy”, “no effort” starvation diet programs with “no exercise required” pitches,then that will be very disturbing, and will be sending people down thewrong path.

I hope that fitness professionals will continue to emphasize the importance ofexercise – resistance plus cardiovascular – and avoid jumping on the “exercise is bad” or “exercise is unneccessary”bandwagon, for sake of selling their wares, as unfortunately, that looks like it could be thenext novelty and new trend.

Train hard and expect success.

Tom Venuto, NSCA-CPT, CSCS
Author, Burn The Fat, Feed The Muscle
www.BurnTheFat.com
www.BurnTheFatInnerCircle.com

PS You must have a calorie deficit to lose fat. But you can get that deficit in different ways. I propose that creating your calorie deficit with a combination of mild foodrestriction + cardio + resistance training is the optimal method for fat reductionand long term maintenance… in other words BURN the fat… FEED the muscle! If you’dlike to learn more about this approach, please visit the Burn The Fat website at:

www.BurnTheFat.com

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